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Native American Historical Sites & Places of Interest

Kadams — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:51:34 GMT

Kansas:

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	===Kansas===		===Kansas===
	*[[Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery]]		*[[Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery]]
		+	*[[Fort Leavenworth]]

	===Kentucky===		===Kentucky===

Fort Leavenworth

Kadams — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:50:42 GMT

Created page with 'Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County, Kansas in the upper northeast portion of the state. It is the oldest active U.S. Army post west o…'

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Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County, Kansas in the upper northeast portion of the state. It is the oldest active U.S. Army post west of the Mississippi River, in operation for over 170 years. Fort Leavenworth has been historically known as the "Intellectual Center of the Army."

During the country's westward expansion, Fort Leavenworth was a forward destination for thousands of soldiers, surveyors, immigrants, American Indians, preachers and settlers who passed through. The garrison supports the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command by managing and maintaining the home of the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center. CAC's mission involves leader development, collective training, Army doctrine and battle command.

Fort Leavenworth is home to the Military Corrections Complex, consisting of the United States Disciplinary Barracks, the Department of Defense's only maximum security prison, and the Midwest Regional Correctional Facility. In addition, the Fort Leavenworth Garrison supports numerous tenant organizations that directly and indirectly relate to the functions of the CAC, including the Command and General Staff College and the Foreign Military Studies Office.

The fort occupies 5,600 acres and 7,000,000 ft of space in 1,000 buildings and 1,500 quarters.

The fort is 10 miles north of the 18th century French [[Fort de Cavagnal]], which was the furthest west fort in Louisiana. Its commandant was François Coulon de Villiers, a brother to Louis Coulon de Villiers who was the only military commander to force George Washington to surrender (after revenging the murder of half brother Joseph Coulon de Jumonville while in Washington's custody that was to set off the French and Indian War).

The French abandoned the fort after ceding its territory to Louisiana (New Spain) at the conclusion of the French and Indian War.

Early American explorers on the Missouri River to visit the area of Fort de Cavagnal include Lewis and Clark on June 26–29, 1804 and Stephen Harriman Long in 1819.

The fort location had been chosen then because of its proximity to a large [[Kansa]] tribe village.

Colonel [[Henry Leavenworth]], with the officers and men of the 3rd Infantry Regiment from Jefferson Barracks at St. Louis, Missouri, established Fort Leavenworth in 1827 to be a forward base protecting the [[Santa Fe Trail]].

Leavenworth's instructions had been:

Colonel Leavenworth of the 3d Infantry, with four companies of his regiment will ascend the Missouri and when he reaches a point on its left band near the mouth of [[Little Platte River]] and within a range of twenty miles above or below its confluence, he will select such position as in his judgment is best calculated for the site of a permanent cantonment. The spot being chosen, he will then construct with the troops of his command comfortable, though temporary quarters sufficient for the accommodation of four companies. This movement will be made as early as the convenience of the service will permit.

Leavenworth was to report that spot around the confluence on the east side of the Missouri River (near present day Farley, would be prone to flooding and on May 8, 1827 recommended the location 20 miles upstream on the west bank in the bluffs above the river.

The first army installation in Cantonment Leavenworth was located on Scott Avenue, south of the Post Chapel with initial strength of 14 officers and 174 enlisted men.

The Cantonment almost immediately increased in importance as it became the eastern terminus for the Santa Fe Trail and Oregon Trail. After [[Indian Removal Act of 1830]] attempted to remove all Indians west of the Missouri-Kansas border, the fort which is west of the border assumed even more importance. In 1832 it was renamed "Fort Leavenworth."

Between 1832 and 1834 the Rookery was built as bachelor officer quarters. The Rookery is the oldest building in Kansas and would be the office of the first territorial governor and thus the first capitol in Kansas from 1854 to 1855 when the capitol was moved to Pawnee, Kansas.

In 1836 William Clark at the fort presided over the transfer of Indian land directly across the Missouri River from the fort to the U.S. government in the Platte Purchase which involved the entire northwest corner of Missouri.

In 1839, Col. [[Stephen W. Kearny]] marched against the [[Cherokee]]s with 20 companies of dragoons, the largest U.S. mounted force ever assembled. Throughout the Mexican-American War, Fort Leavenworth was the outfitting post for the Army of the West.

In 1854, Kansas Territory Governor Andrew Reeder set up executive offices on post and lived for a short time in the quarters now known as "The Rookery".

During the 1850s, troops from Ft. Leavenworth were mobilized to control the "Mormon Problem" in what became known as the Utah War.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Camp Lincoln was established on post as a reception and training station for Kansas volunteers. News of the approach of Confederate General Sterling Price prompted construction of [[Fort Sully]], a series of earthworks for artillery emplacements on Hancock Hill, overlooking what is now the [[Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery]]. However, Price's forces never reached Fort Leavenworth, having met defeat at Westport, which is now part of Kansas City. During its long history, the post was never subject to enemy attack.

For three decades following the war, the Army's chief mission was control of the American Indian tribes on the Western plains. Between 1865 and 1891, the Army had more than 1,000 combat engagements with Apache, Modoc, Cheyenne, Ute, Nez Perce, Comanche, Kiowa, Kickapoo and other tribes.

The Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery is one of the national cemeteries established by Abraham Lincoln on July 17, 1862. The cemetery was elevated to the new National Cemetery System within Veterans Administration in 1973. Veterans since the [[War of 1812]] have been laid to rest in the cemetery. One veteran of the War of 1812 is the cemetery's most famous occupant, Col. Henry Leavenworth, who gave his name to the fort, the cemetery, and the town and county they are located in. Others buried in the cemetery include 10 Medal of Honor recipients, seven Confederate prisoners of war and two soldiers killed in Operation Desert Storm and one from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Although there is no longer space for new burial sites, burials frequently take place for those who already have family members interred in the cemetery.

In 1866, the U.S. Congress authorized the formation of four black regiments, the 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments and the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments. The 10th Cavalry Regiment was formed at Fort Leavenworth under the command of Col. Benjamin H. Grierson. Today, a monument stands at Fort Leavenworth in tribute to the "Buffalo Soldier" of the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments.

The United States Disciplinary Barracks, now a maximum-security military prison, was established in 1875.

The fort's first Catholic Church was built in 1871, and was later replaced by St. Ignatius Chapel in 1889. St. Ignatius Chapel was destroyed by fire in December 2001. The first Protestant chapel, Memorial Chapel, was built by prison labor in 1878 of stone quarried on post. The round window behind the chapel's front altar was intentionally installed slightly askew by an inmate who was angry at his work boss. This chapel has brass cannon embedded in the walls at the sides of the church, and photos of many of the officers involved in the early history of the fort, including some of the Custer family.

In 1881, Gen. [[William T. Sherman]] established the School of Application for Cavalry and Infantry. That school evolved into the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.

The Western Branch National Military Home, now called the Veterans Medical Center, or Dwight D. Eisenhower Medical Center Historic District was established in 1885 as part of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers system. The soldier home is closely associated with the nearby cemetery that became the [[Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery]] in 1973.

World War I was the first opportunity to evaluate the impact of Sherman's school. Graduates excelled in planning complex American Expeditionary Forces operations. By the end of the war, they dominated staffs throughout the AEF.

In the years between the World Wars, graduates included such officers as Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar N. Bradley and George S. Patton. During World War II, some 19,000 officers completed various courses at Fort Leavenworth. By the end of 1943, commanders and staffs of 26 infantry, airborne and cavalry divisions had trained as teams at the school.

General Michael Joe Costello of the army of the newly formed Irish Free State attended Fort Leavenworth from 1926 to 1927, passing with such distinction that he was recommended for the US War College.

In 1946, the school was given its current name. In 1959, the college moved to the newly built J. Franklin Bell Hall on Arsenal Hill. In 1985, the Harold K. Johnson wing was added to house the Combined Arms and Services Staff School. Eisenhower Hall was dedicated in 1994. Classes for the School of Advanced Military Studies and the School for Command Preparation, as well as the Combined Arms Research Library, are located in Eisenhower Hall.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.

Until the early 1970s a battery of four Nike-Hercules Missiles were deployed at Bell Point on a hill on the north side of the fort.

The base is served by the Sherman Army Airfield which has a 5,905-foot runway and operates under a joint agreement with the city of Leavenworth, Kansas that permits civilian aircraft to use it all hours. The airfield was inundated by the Missouri River in levee breaches during the Great Flood of 1951 and Great Flood of 1993.

Native American Historical Sites & Places of Interest

Kadams — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:42:27 GMT

Kansas:

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	===Kansas===		===Kansas===
-		+	*[[Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery]]

	===Kentucky===		===Kentucky===

Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery

Kadams — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:41:13 GMT

Created page with 'Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located on Fort Leavenworth, a United States Army installation north of Leavenworth, Kansas. It was offici…'

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Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located on Fort Leavenworth, a United States Army installation north of Leavenworth, Kansas. It was officially established in 1862, but was used as a burial ground as early as 1844. The cemetery is the resting place of eight Medal of Honor recipients, but most are the unknown soldiers of war. It was named for Brigadier General Henry Leavenworth, who was re-interred there in 1902 from Woodland Cemetery in Delhi, New York. It occupies approximately 36 acres (150,000 m2) and was site to 22,679 interments, as of the end of 2005. It is maintained by Leavenworth National Cemetery.

On July 17, 1862, Congress enacted legislation that authorized the purchase of cemetery grounds to be used "for soldiers who shall have died in the service of the country". By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been buried in 73 national cemeteries. Most of the cemeteries were located near former battlefields or what were once war time camps. Fort Leavenworth National cemetery was one of the largest, at 36 acres (150,000 m2). The Leavenworth cemetery was also closely associated with the Western Branch National Military Home, "old soldiers' home" (now VA Eisenhower Medical Center) and became a National Cemetery in 1973.

Due to military tradition, the cemetery was originally divided into burial areas for enlisted personnel and a separate area for officers, but in 1858 the remains were re-interred into a single site. In the years following the Civil War, the bodies of Union soldiers from Kansas City, Kansas and Independence, Missouri, were re-interred at Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery. In addition, the cemetery was used as the burial ground for soldiers who served at frontier posts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming. By 1870, there were more than 1,000 Union soldiers interred at [[Fort Leavenworth]], along with approximately 170 civilians and 7 Confederate prisoners of war. After the Indian Wars, between 1885 and 1907 many of the western Army outposts were vacated and as many as 2,000 remains were re-interred at Fort Leavenworth.

Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 1999.

* Brigadier General Henry Leavenworth, namesake of [[Fort Leavenworth]].
* Captain Harry Bell, Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Philippine-American War.
* Captain Thomas W. Custer, brother of [[George Armstrong Custer]], two time Medal of Honor recipient.
* Lieutenant Junior Grade William E. Hall, Medal of Honor recipient for action in World War II.
* Corporal John Kile, Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Indian Wars.
* Private Fitz Lee, Medal of Honor recipient for action in the [[Spanish-American War]].
* Private George Miller, Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Indian Wars.
* Private Edward Pengally, Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Indian Wars.
* First Sergeant Joseph Robinson, Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Indian Wars.

Henry Leavenworth

Kadams — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:28:16 GMT

Created page with 'Henry Leavenworth (December 10, 1783 – July 21, 1834) was an American soldier active in the War of 1812 and early military expeditions against the Plains Indians. He establ…'

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Henry Leavenworth (December 10, 1783 – July 21, 1834) was an American soldier active in the [[War of 1812]] and early military expeditions against the Plains Indians. He established [[Fort Leavenworth]] in Kansas, and also gave his name to Leavenworth, Kansas, Leavenworth County, Kansas, and the Leavenworth Penitentiary.

He was born at New Haven, Connecticut, a son of Col. Jesse and Catharine Leavenworth. Soon after his birth his parents became alienated and his father moved with the children to Danville, Vermont, where he was educated. He then read law with General Erastus Root of Delhi, New York; and upon being admitted to the bar formed a partnership with his preceptor which lasted until 1812.

He was appointed a captain in the 25th U. S. infantry. A few months later he was made major; was wounded at the [[Battle of Niagara]] on July 25, 1814, and the following November was brevetted colonel. He then served in the New York State Assembly, and then he went to Prairie du Chien as Indian agent, and on February 10, 1818, was made lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth U. S. infantry. In 1820 he began constructing [[Fort St. Anthony]] from the Cantonment New Hope stockade.

In 1823, he led U.S. Army troops in the [[Arikara War]], the first U.S. military expedition against a Great Plains Indian nation. While on duty in the West he built several military posts, one of which was [[Fort Leavenworth]], Kansas, established May 8, 1827 as Cantonment Leavenworth, now one of the leading military establishments of the country. In 1825 he was made brigadier-general by brevet, and in 1833 received the full rank of brigadier-general.

In 1834 he commanded the 1st United States Dragoons during its expedition from [[Fort Gibson]], IT to the Wichita Mountains. They hoped to meet and open formal relations between the United States and the [[Comanche]], [[Kiowa]], and Wichita peoples.

He was married three times, first to [[Elizabeth Eunice Morrison]], with whom he had two children, and divorced, then to Electa Knapp, who died within the year, then to Harriet Lovejoy, with whom he had another child. Lake Harriet in Minneapolis is named for Harriet Lovejoy.

His son Jesse Henry Leavenworth was also a military careerist.

He died in the Cross Timbers, in the Indian Territory, July 21, 1834, of either sickness or an accident while buffalo-hunting; qv George Catlin's "Manners,Customs,and Condition of the North American Indians", Vol.2, letter#44...."and I am inclined to think, as I before mentioned, in consequence of the injury he sustained in a fall from his horse when running a buffalo calf." while leading an expedition against the Pawnee and Comanche. His regiment erected a monument at Cross Timbers; he was first buried in Delhi, with his remains later reinterred at [[Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery]].

In addition to the fort, Leavenworth, Kansas, Leavenworth County, Kansas, the Leavenworth Penitentiary, and Leavenworth Streets in Omaha and San Francisco are named after him.

Arikara War

Kadams — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:24:35 GMT

Created page with 'The Arikara War (1823) took place between the United States and the Arikara (a Native American nation, in August 1823 near the Missouri River in present-day South Dakota. [[A…'

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The Arikara War (1823) took place between the United States and the [[Arikara ]](a Native American nation, in August 1823 near the Missouri River in present-day South Dakota. [[Arikara]] warriors had previously attacked a trapping expedition traveling on the river. The United States responded with forces of 230 soldiers, 750 Sioux, and 50 trappers under the command of U.S. Army Colonel [[Henry Leavenworth]].

Although brief, the war was noted for two reasons. First, it was the first military conflict between the United States and the western Native Americans, setting the tone for future encounters of the US with the [[Crow]] and [[Blackfeet]]. Second, [[Henry Leavenworth]] did not completely defeat the [[Arikara]]. His leniency toward them sparked a great debate between Americans demanding subjugation of the Native Americans and those advocating cohabitation with them.

The [[Arikara]] eventually settled with the Mandan and Hidatsa on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota.

Native American Battles and Wars

Kadams — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:23:05 GMT

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	*[[Apalachee Massacre]]		*[[Apalachee Massacre]]
		+	*[[Arikara War]]

	== M ==		== M ==
	{{CompactTOC}}		{{CompactTOC}}
	*[[McComas massacre]]		*[[McComas massacre]]

Arikara

Kadams — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:21:48 GMT

Created page with 'Arikara are a group of Native Americans who speak the Arikara language, a member of the Caddoan language family. Arikara is close to the Pawnee language, but they are not mut…'

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Arikara are a group of Native Americans who speak the Arikara language, a member of the Caddoan language family. Arikara is close to the [[Pawnee]] language, but they are not mutually intelligible.

They were a semi-nomadic people who lived on the Great Plains of the United States of America for several hundred years. They lived primarily in earth lodges, made tipis as temporary shelter while traveling from their villages, and were an agricultural society. Their primary crop was corn. It was such an important aspect of their society that it was often referred to as "Mother Corn".
The Arikara moved from South Dakota into North Dakota in response to pressure from other tribes and European American settlers. They are now on the Fort Berthold reservation.

Their population was decimated by smallpox in the late 1830s. During the Black Hills War, Arikara served as scouts for Lt. Col. [[George Armstrong Custer]] in the Little Bighorn Campaign.

Due to their reduced numbers, the Arikara started to live closer to the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes, who lived in the same area. Today the three tribes are closely associated and known as the Three Affiliated Tribes. Together the three have a total enrolled population of 8400. Nearly 3800 live on the [[Fort Berthold Reservation]].

Arikara is now spoken in North Dakota by few elders. One of the last fluent speakers, [[Maude Starr]], died on January 20th, 2010. She was a certified language teacher who participated in Arikara language education programs.

Native American Tribes of North America

Kadams — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:20:39 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:20, 2 September 2010
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	== A ==		== A ==
-	[[Abenaki]], [[Achumawi]], [[Acjachemen]], [[Acoma]], [[Adai]], [[Ahtna]], [[Akimel O'odham]], [[Aleut]], [[Alutiiq]], [[Algonquin]], [[Apache]], [[Apalachee]], ~~Applegate, Apsaalooke,~~ Arapaho, ~~Arawak,~~ Arikara, Assiniboine, Atakapa, Atikamekw, Atsina, Atsugewi, Araucano, Avoyel, Ayisiyiniwok, Aymara, Aztec	+	[[Abenaki]], [[Achumawi]], [[Acjachemen]], [[Acoma]], [[Adai]], [[Ahtna]], [[Akimel O'odham]], [[Aleut]], [[Alutiiq]], [[Algonquin]], [[Apache]], [[Apalachee]], [[Arapaho]], [[Arikara]], Assiniboine, Atakapa, Atikamekw, Atsina, Atsugewi, Araucano, Avoyel, Ayisiyiniwok, Aymara, Aztec

	== B ==		== B ==